Historical Context:

- 1800: Population figures:

    ..World - estimated at 900 M

    ..Europe - estimated at 132 M

    ..Netherlands - estimated at 2 M

1. -1801: Napoleon imposes new constitution on The Netherlands
   

2. -1801: London Stock Exchange is formed
   

3. -1811: Civil record keeping begins
   

4. -1812: War of 1812 (North America)
   

5. -1812: Napoleon retreats from Moscow (inspiring the 1812 Overture/Tchaikovsky)
   

6. -1813: Hendrik Lindhout (b 1792), brother of Dirk Lindhout, dies in Koniggratz Bohemia (now Hradec Kralove in the Czech Republic). Hendrik had been conscripted into Napoleon’s Grande Armee and participated in the ill fated, infamous march on Moscow (French Invasion of Russia)
   

7. -1813: Willem I lands at Scheveningen
   

    Kingdom of the Netherlands formed

1. -1814: White House (Washington) is burned by British /Canadian forces.
   

2. -1815: Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo
   

3. -1815: Willem I proclaimed King
   

4. -1816:
   

    Year without a Summer (due to 1815 volcanic eruption of Mount Tambora)

    Argentina declares independence (Spain)

1. -1819: First steam propelled vessel crosses the Atlantic Ocean
   

2. -1822: Brazil declares its independence from Portugal
   

3. -1824: Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony
   

4. -1825 February: Great Flood; 800 people die in Gronigen, Friesland and Overijssel
   

5. -1837: Coronation of Queen Victoria (England)
   

- 1840:

    Abdication of Willem I

    Willem II crowned king

- 1842: work resumes on Cologne cathedral

- 1843: Wagner’s “The Flying Dutchman” opera premieres

- 1845/46: Potato Famine

1. -1848: Constitution of The Netherlands
   

    Ministerial Responsibility/Constitutional Monarchy

- 1849:

    Willem II dies

    Willem III is crowned king

    Thorbecke: First Prime Minister

- 1853: Vincent van Gogh is born

- 1856: Louis Pasteur shows spread of disease by germs.

- 1859: Darwin publishes “Origin of the Species”

- 1867: Confederation of Canada

- 1866: Europe and North America are connected by telegraph cable

- 1873: Heineken Family (Noordwijk) founds Heineken Breweries

- 1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone